植物低温诱导蛋白和诱导基因研究新进展

本文就近年来植物低温诱导蛋白和低温诱导基因的研究进展进行了概述，同时探讨了低温诱导蛋白和低温诱导基因与植物抗寒能力之间的关系。     

利用籼粳交探讨水稻株高和抽穗期的遗传基础

广亲和基因的发现,克服了籼粳交杂种不育的矛盾,但杂种后代株高过高、抽穗期延迟等问题仍然限制着籼粳亚种间杂种优势的利用。本试验利用一个籼粳交(珍汕97/武育粳2号)双单倍体群体(doublehaploidpopulation,DH系)及其分别与两亲本回交构建的两个回交群体,考查了株高和抽穗期的遗传,将三个群体的表型值和两个回交群体的中亲优势值进行了数量性状位点(quantitativetraitlocus,QTL)检测及效应分析,并对结果进行了比较。2个性状在3个相关群体中一共检测到了21个主效QTL和10个上位性QTL,主效QTL的数目和贡献率都比上位性QTL大,而且,在10个上位性QTL中,发生在2个主效QTL间的互作有3个,主效QTL与背景位点间的互作有6个,2个互补位点间的互作仅有1个,进一步说明了主效QTL在株高和抽穗期遗传中的重要作用。比较加性和非加性QTL的作用,发现加性效应、显性效应和上位性效应是籼粳亚种间杂种株高和生育期变化的共同遗传基础。     

芝麻新品种郑芝97C01综合表现及栽培技术研究

对郑芝97C01综合分析结果表明,郑芝97C01是一个高产、稳产、优质、多抗的芝麻新品种,一般生育期90d左右,单产1200kg/hm2以上,脂肪含量56.1%,蛋白质含量19.72%,茎点枯病病情指数2.16,枯萎病病情指数1.63,并提出相关的高产栽培技术。     

利用激素诱导水稻单性生殖的研究

试验结果表明，利用植物激素能有效的诱导出杂交水稻第一代（F1）单性生殖种子。诱导时宜在早造杀雄后3－4d，采用6－BA（50mg/L)或NAA（25mg/L) 2,4-D(25mg/L)作诱导剂可提高诱导效果，增加单性生殖种子的结实率。     

The critical N dilution curve for linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is different from other C3 species

The objective was to determine the critical N dilution curve of linseed, which is the minimal total N concentration in shoots necessary to produce the maximal shoot dry matter, and to explain possible differences with other C3 species. One main experiment was carried out in 1998/1999 on winter linseed with four levels of fertilizer N. Two plant densities were also studied, the recommended one (600 seeds m⁻²) and the minimum for canopy closure (150 seeds m⁻²), in order to investigate the stability with plant density of the critical N dilution curve. Shoot dry weights (W_S) and shoot N contents expressed in percentage (N_S) were measured for the determination of the critical dilution curve, along with organ N percentages and relative weights. The results of four other experiments were used to validate the critical N dilution curve. Three of these four trials were conducted on winter linseed (one in 1996/1997 and two in 1997/1998) with five levels of fertilizer N, and one on spring linseed in 1999 with six levels of fertilizer N.

The critical N dilution curve of linseed was different from those of other C3 species. The curve was steeper, indicating a greater decrease in the critical shoot N concentration (N_SC) as the critical shoot dry weight (W_SC) increased. This linseed curve determined with the data of the main experiment was relevant when compared to the data of the four other experiments. Organ weight ratios and N concentration of organs were investigated in a fertilizer N treatment resulting in N_S close to the critical N values, N_SC. In this treatment, the decrease in N_S was the result of both a decrease in the N percentage of all organs and a decrease in the leaf weight ratio. The difference between linseed and other C3 species was mainly due to an acceleration of the dilution of N when leaf emission stopped and the flower bud emission began. At this stage of development, the leaf weight ratio of linseed was less than that of wheat, resulting in lower N_S. For a given W_S, no significant differences in N_S, organ N percentages nor organ weight ratios were observed between the two plant densities. This indicates that the difference between linseed and other C3 species could not result from very high plant densities in linseed. Hence, it is concluded that the linseed N accumulation in shoot is different from other C3 species.     

紧凑型玉米株型及生理特性研究

紧凑型玉米各叶片长度在茎杆上的空间分布呈近似纺锤型,叶角度较平展型小,叶向值也大,其受光姿态优于平展型.紧凑型米玉对CO_2同化强度、根系吸收强度比平展型大;硝酸还原酶活性比平展型高.紧凑型玉米具有体内氮素代谢旺盛,后期不早衰,籽粒灌浆快,粒重高,单株生产力大和适宜密植等优点.选育和推广高光效紧凑型玉米杂交种是今后玉米高产的主要途径.     

基因组原位杂交技术在植物研究中的应用

基因组原位杂交是以亲本之一的总基因组DNA做探针,另一亲本的基因组DNA做封阻,在荧光原位杂交技术的基础上发展起来的一种染色体/染色质检测技术。在其发展的十几年里,已在植物的基因组研究中发挥了重要的作用。应用这一技术可对多倍体中基因组之间的亲缘关系、基因组组成及起源进行研究;对杂交种中染色体组的组成进行分析;对代换系、附加系和易位系进行有效的鉴定,并对其中的外源染色体或染色体片段的来源、大小、数目及发生位点进行检测和定位。此外,利用基因组原位杂交技术还有助于确定物种间的同源性;研究杂交种中来源不同的染色质在核中的分布;探索B染色体的起源、染色体间的配对、重组、交换等现象。随着基因组荧光原位杂交技术体系的不断发展、完善和改进,其应用范围不断拓展,在植物基因组研究领域中发挥了越来越重要的作用。     

种植密度对两种穗型冬小麦品种干物质和氮素积累、运转及产量的影响

在大田试验条件下,研究了不同种植密度对两种穗型冬小麦品种干物质和氮素积累、运转及其籽粒产量的影响.结果表明,两种穗型冬小麦品种花前植株干物质及贮藏氮素运转量均以适宜的低密度处理表现较高,其中干物质运转量以茎鞘最高,氮素运转量以叶片最高;花后植株干物质及贮藏氮素运转量两品种间表现不一致,大穗型品种兰考矮早八花后干物质及贮藏氮素运转量以最低密度的C1(300万株/hm2)处理最高,多穗型品种豫麦49-198则以较高密度的B3(225万株/hm2)处理最高;干物质对籽粒贡献率花前两品种均以较低密度处理表现较高,花后则以较高密度处理表现较高;贮藏氮素对籽粒氮素贡献率兰考矮早八花前以中间密度处理表现较高,豫麦49-198则仍以较低密度处理较高.成熟期兰考矮早八籽粒产量、淀粉产量及蛋白质产量均以C2(375万株/hm2)密度处理最高,豫麦49-198则以B2(150万株/hm2)处理最高.     

氮密互作对夏玉米物质生产及氮素利用的影响

以夏玉米杂交种郑单958为材料,对不同种植密度和不同施氮水平下夏玉米的物质生产和氮素利用状况进行了研究。结果表明,在中(67 500株/hm2)、高(82 500株/hm2)密度下,氮肥对玉米单株物质生产能力的调控作用更为明显,并主要是通过影响穗粒数来实现的。适量施氮,可促进顶部子粒发育,减少败育,使秃尖缩短、瘪粒数减少,增加穗粒数,增加产量;促进植物体吸收的氮素高效地向籽粒中分配,提高氮肥的利用效率;使玉米叶片维持较高的光合性能,为籽粒形成提供充足的光合碳量,并促进营养体碳氮向子粒运转。     

基于植物能量功能群的草原植物光合作用研究

植物能量功能群是依植物能量属性进行的植物功能类群划分,植物通过光合作用将光能转变成化学能,蓄积在植物体内,为了探究不同的能量功能群是否会表现出光合作用特征的差异,用LI-6400型便携式全自动光合测定仪,在内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原区,于7月底至8月初的植物生长旺盛期,测量了羊草(Leymus chinensis)、糙隐子...